:). Once again, use a sponge to daub the paint on in an irregular pattern, overlapping some of the dark green paint, but ensuring you leave little bits of the copper base color showing through. Closed now : See all hours. This ensures that they will age gracefully and honestly, gradually exposing more of the materials character. 2. Give the concrete another rinse with a powerwasher before this step, if needed. The best word to describe age on concrete is patina. A few years ago we gave our daughter a brassy metal floor lamp and she doesnt like the finish and its sitting in her basement not being used. If there is still more verdigris that won't easily come off, return the jewelry to the mixture. Concrete Stain & Dye Stain adds a wash of color on concrete, dye penetrates for a solid-color look. Paint the pot with light-blue or turquoise acrylic paint using random brushstrokes to craft a realistic appearance. ;) Now my turn, it surely does not appear, from all of my interactions with you, that you have a hard time giving encouragement! Verdigris forms as a result of oxygen, moisture and other pollutants the metal has come in contact with over the years. Prime your surface with the appropriate primer for your material. To ensure our content is always up-to-date with current information, best practices, and professional advice, articles are routinely reviewed by industry experts with years of hands-on experience. A weathered wood table on the roof terrace of the guest casita of a San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. This property has been utilized for preparing transparent green glazes called copper resinates by dissolving . Build up two or three layers of copper if your glaze is thin. Always use a flat paint that is latex exterior and you will be fine. Just as long as it's an exterior acrylic latex based paint, you will be fine, and so will your statue. It is a smooth black. It is never just on the surface. If so, I wouldnt suggest doing that. All information is provided "AS IS." You could use a light wash of exterior white instead and should be fine with that. Decorative Ideas for a Clay Pot Water Fountain. The verdigris was in its infancy apart from a small part bottom right of the bust. Verdigris Interior Design. Order a sample before midnight and have it delivered the next day! Abstract watercolor vector background. Dip a sponge into the paint and wipe lightly and evenly over the project; let dry. The easiest way to make verdigris is to react copper metal with acetic acid. We usually apply a gloss top-coat which gives Amazonia a glass-like multi-layered appearance. Pour water on . The effects featured here have been created using Royale Play Archi Concrete, an acrylic-siloxane plaster coating. Your information will *never* be shared or sold to a 3rd party. Copper generally oxidizes with a black coating before developing verdigris (unless exposed to acetic acid while new), so the black simulates this oxidation. It wont last on concrete. In order to avoid emphasising this, joints should be staggered by a maximum of 30% of the length. This cast iron verdigris key ring holder protrudes 1" from the wall. Use a cotton swab or a toothpick to remove loose pieces of verdigris form the jewelry. Via the Arkansas, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.Its name is an Osage word meaning "clear water." The lower section is also known as the Grand River. Step 4. 3d illustration of red color gradient glass sheets on a concrete wall. Blob the paint on leaving, room for the base copper colored coat to show through in spots. Atleast thats been my experience with it. Which I think looks good! As with any alteration to a beloved home good, test the procedure on an inconspicuous corner of the piece before proceedingto be sure, for instance, that you like patina! Craft stores sell faux-finish kits that help you create the appearance of verdigris, but you can approximate the look yourself with a few simple tools. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Now stir one dessert spoon of PVA glue in 150 ml of clean, cold water. You dont need to use that unless your wax is very hardened. G. URGENT Need Advice about Boiler and Central Heating Repair Please. A verdigris faux finish can make your ordinary outdoor furniture, flower pots, or virtually any wood, metal or ceramic object look like a valuable heirloom. Paint this solution onto the ornament to seal the cement coating. Pinterest. Old concrete kubota that was destined to be trashed because it looked old and scaley. Practice your verdigris technique on a piece of wood or cardboard before you attempt it on your final projects so you can refine your technique. and furniture finishing for example table tops. Satin or eggshell finish is fine for this layer. Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. No, the product I used is like a wax and doesnt require sealing. Prep Concrete for Paint . I chose a blue/green spray paint by Rustoleum (Seaside Gloss) for the base coat. Have your room painted with Verdigris Color, Full Spectrum Latex Wall Paint. - verdigris texture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. :-) Sometimes I have to think very hard to give encouragement (which may make me a lousy blogger! Step 2: Necessary Substances. If you follow the advice given above, youll be painting concrete statues like a pro. Dab black paint into any recessed areas of your surface if you are painting a three-dimensional object, or on random portions of flat surfaces. Always press and release the sponge, rather than wiping with it, to ensure that you get the right texture. FREE delivery Fri, Mar 3. But did you know that there may be a deeper spiritual meaning to Why Do Deer Freeze In Headlights: [The Truth]. What are the Advantages to Using Redwood for Your Log Furniture? Brush a coat of copper glaze over the dry base coat. The three multi-section pieces on this record reflect the basic stages of verdigris formation, filtered through the lens of two longstanding collaborators navigating their individual and . Verdigris in Low Light. You mentioned skipping the wax, the gilders paste wax here is part of what gives it the effect of verdigris. My preference is flat acrylic paint. Emerald marble texture with gold and thin white frame. Amazonia is suitable for use indoors or out. Glad the video was helpful to you!! Allow the paint to dry. If the surface gets a scratch or a nick, simply daub on some new paintno worries about matching colors. Although used in early medical formulas, verdigris is poisonous if ingested. We are essentially creating a patina within the process that produces beautiful organic shapes. Oh I love this, Nancy! Allow some of the copper to show through, and dip a tiny corner of the sponge in the black paint from time to time to mix in a darker tone with the verdigris. How to Prime a Wall. After the copper paint has dried, apply a coat of dark green paint using a sponge. Every time you wish to transform your patio, the concrete is an ideal choice. Discuss Verdigris in the Central Heating Forum area at PlumbersForums.net. Report post. Apply a clear acrylic sealer spray over the dry paint to protect the verdigris finish from the elements. Liquid turquoise marble. Woodsmanreport.com also participates in affiliate programs with eBay and other sites. Dip the sponge in flat black paint and blot off the excess on newspaper. Concrete LCDA* Conestoga Tile. submitted to our "DoItYourself.com Community Forums". I will do this though on the little resin cat statue I have which is not complete, and I do wish I could find out if it part of some children's story. Verdigris builds up in several layers over the copper surface, so you want to simulate this. At the New York City home of Jay McInerney and Anne Hearst, an antiqueor was it speed-patinaed?copper tub is brings an old-world feel to a bath nook. Believed to be from the garden as it was muddy. Let it go into the creases but don't apply so much that it turns white. However we can apply a light coat of sealer which will change the over-all appearance and be more textured to touch. Explore. Follow the instructions on the can for drying time, then top coat with a spray finish. How to Stain Concrete Fountains. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or seawater over a period of time. Martha Stewart advocates for a multipronged approach: Wet the pot, paint yogurt all over it, then rub a piece of real, live moss all over that, setting the pot in a damp, shady place for the cultures to take. All Rights Reserved. The finish requires several layers, so allow each layer to dry thoroughly before you move to the next. Concrete, fibreglass, plastics, MDF, wood, plaster and hardboard. Barberian Posts: 2,111 . eHow may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Laminate Countertops, Inc. 3832 N. Shepherd Dr, Suite B Houston, TX 77018 O: (713) 921-9393 :). Questions of a Do It Yourself nature should be Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. (You can get your light green paint color by adding some white paint to the original dark green paint or be simply buying light green paint). It is here below and came as a house clearance after the old man died. You want it to be almost haze-like. The top coat on your concrete statue you can use almost any kind of latex paint. Verdigris effect. Re-Play Concrete offers a vast range of pieces for unlimited compositions and combinations, to style complete interiors or contrasting surfaces, create coordinated floor and wall coverings, or design delightful corners in industrial taste. As a Los Angeles-based union carpenter, Arnold builds everything from highrises to bridges, parking structures and homes. Hey Christina! You can apply as little or as much of this as you like. Sanding will give the surface "tooth" to help paint adhere better. ), but this was not hard to give. Works every time. According to my Merriam-Webster dictionary (10th ed) the word verdigris has its origins in the 14th century, well before chemical principles of oxidation were understood. This is my tell all guide to paint concrete statuary. Answer: Yes, verdigris (the natural patina formed with the oxidization of copper) is not only a pain to clean, especially from intricate antique costume jewelry, but it is also a toxic substance. How To Create Faux Verdigris (so simple!). Today Im Im sharing how to create faux verdigris and Ill be back on Thursday sharing the faux patina finish. Thanks Julie! Choose your acetone dye or acid stain by . NORTH AMERICA: 888-823-8883UK: +44 (0) 20 3795 77 51AUSTRALIA: 03 7037 8180MIDDLE EAST: +973-1619-9602, Copyright 2023 Paloform | Sitemap | Privacy Policy | Powered by Foundous, Robata Linear Outdoor Fire Pit Watch it burn, NEW: Fire Pits Certified for Australia and New Zealand, Feature Project Modern Living in the Forest, Kodo Corten Outdoor Fireplace Watch It Burn, Using Fire Rocks to Spark Your Backyard Pit This Summer, Modern Fire Pit Toppings Part 2: The Options, Report from Down Under DesignEx 2014- Sydney Australia, Are Outdoor Fire Pits Legal in Toronto? It's not instant, but every rinse will advance the tarnish. However i must stress that after its "clean" you need to rinse it with water ASAP otherwise the coin WILL corrode and be destroyed. The faux verdigris finish replications the green coating that forms on copper after it has been exposed to the elements for some time. This allows dust and small dirt particles to coat the jewelry, adding even more fertilizer to the formula. It will eat through a coin like cancer. You can use the custom forms, stamps, and patterns to give too many . They were hanged on a wood pallet (painted with barn wood stain) by means of hooks. about. Remember, you want the object to end up with a mottled appearance so don't be concerned with how uneven the green paint looks. Sea Glass Plates- Food and Dishwasher Safe! Im back today to share one of two tutorials I promised in this post I shared last week: How To Paint Light Fixtures (without taking them down! This best and only way to apply the base coat, in my opinion, is to wet the statue with water (dont be afraid to drench it) first and then apply the base coat while the piece is still wet. :), Your email address will not be published. How to Paint Concrete Planters How to Make Flower Pots With a Child's Handprints Verdigris is a painting technique that results in a vintage look of green patina on copper, brass or bronze. THEN the color you choose . Global shipping available. What colors you use to paint your statues is entirely up to you. Treated concrete will not allow acidic stain or acetone dye to permeate the surface. :) And aw, that is so sweet!! So that is why I created this site. Deep green jewel-like tones make this a striking finish especially with a polished gloss top-coat. The top coat on your concrete statue you can use almost any kind of latex paint. Verdigris is the bluish-green patina that forms on copper surfaces when exposed to atmospheric oxidation or through other similar chemical reactions. ;) And I dont love my voiceor hearing my voice, lol. Cast Iron Nautical Verdigris sand Dollar wall hook ships brand new with our 100% customer satisfaction guarantee, and is ready to hold your key ring, hat or coat. Concrete is born from a reaction with water, and this continues to happen to a small degree even after it is fully cured. Remove loose debris with a broom or brush and pressure-wash the he concrete. 3042 sqft. I made this site to share my experiences and knowledge. Each hook features 2 holes for easy mounting. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Specifically, our hand-cast concrete fire pits. But I did do a light wash of white paint. Our website, archdigest.com, offers constant original coverage of the interior design and architecture worlds, new shops and products, travel destinations, art and cultural events, celebrity style, and high-end real estate as well as access to print features and images from the AD archives. Touch device users, explore by touch or with . Have any of you seen anything like this? Thanks so very much, Marilyn! Verdigris definition: Verdigris is a greenish-blue substance that forms on the metals copper, brass, and bronze. Head over to your local home and garden center or craft store and select an unglazed ceramic, stone or plaster column plant stand and your favorite plant. Upcycled Aluminum Can Craft - DIY Hosta Plant, 11 Pictures of Crazy Cool Uses for Tree Stumps. I recommendGlidden Flat Black Exterior Paint(Link to Amazon)You dont have to use that particular brand or even color. Spray and let dry per the instructions on the can. L. Liz. Sounds like the perfect plan for it!! Website operating In other posts, I have referred to the process of making . The oxygen and water in air react with the metal to form . Using a dry rag, wipe the container to remove any loose dirt, including the inside. Terra-cotta pots at a California villa are starting to show lovely signs of age around their bases. Bread Box Makeover (Miss Mustard Seed Milk Paint), Nautical End Table Makeover (and a new sealer! problems contact webmaster@doityourself.com. All rights reserved. Stunning results!! Extremely realistic to the touch, in opacity and in non-homogeneous appearance thanks to a chemical oxidation. I would not and never have recommended spray paint for concrete statues. You do NOT want it shiny . 1 of 20. Verdigris will render a copper pot unfit to cook inthe better method for darkening copper cookware is simply . Any comment or ideas? Verdigris is a perfect partner matched with bronze, brass or copper as the oxidisation on any of these metals will produce a similar patina. That smooth, worn look will only come about with years of useand we definitely aren't recommending a faux-antique painted finishbut there is a sound trick for turning raw yellow planks a pleasingly oxidized gray (without waiting years for it to just happen). The best word to describe age on concrete is patina. Once the first coat of dark green paint has dried, apply a coat of light green paint. These finishes are available in a variety of hues & effects, and can be used either as an accent or on all walls in the room. Their color varies from blue to green. My recent interest in verdigris was piqued by the newfound ubiquity of Farrow & Ball colors, including the saturated teal they're calling Verdigris. Step 8. So long as your brass object is unlacquered, running plain water through or all over it will naturally speed up the patina process, according to designer Casey Kenyon. Like the silvering of cedar as it is exposed to sun and rain, the eroding of stone under weather and traffic, or the appearance of creases and scars on human flesh, worn by experience, patina on concrete is a record of time and occurrences. You can apply a sealer at this point but its really not necessary with these products. Jolie Paint adheres to almost any surface, including wood, matte plastics, stone, brick, concrete, and metal. I don't know if I want the black look. Coat the primed surface with a medium reddish-brown paint, using a high-quality paintbrush or roller. In the end, thats what you want, a great looking concrete lawn ornament that will last. Overall Height - Top to Bottom: 4.5'' If the object is tall, start at the top and work your way down, don't worry about brush strokes or paint runs. Patinathe elegant oxidation and wear that befalls a variety of natural materials with repeated use (or neglect) over timesure can be a pain to wait around for. Here's how to achieve it. There's an easier way to get rid of the green mold on fences and paths. Don't Miss a Thing!! Yes, painting concrete statues with spray paint isquicker and cheaper (in some cases), but I hope you like painting the same statue over an over year after year. The obvious way to skip the line is to purchase antiquesor, yes, inherit thembut on a practical level some things are easiest to buy new. Verdigris looks great in Boho - and European - styled interiors. A moderately-transparent bluish green with low stability. ), Baby Its Cold Outside (Thrifty Makeover w/Chalk Paint). But as mother nature has her way with the leaves on the trees and the umbrellas of passers-by, I think: what better conditions to talk about the effects of the weather and time on our modern outdoor fire pits? 125 reviews #120 of 2,218 Restaurants in Portland $$ - $$$ Italian French European. Should I paint or stain my oak kitchen cabinets? lol ;) xoxo. First, wire brush any loose paint and then wipe the objects of dust & debris. Removing paint from a statue is not very fun. Spray the entire piece with one coat of Blue Ocean Breeze paint. Amazonia. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Over much longer times, small bits of sand and aggregate begin to show themselves again subtly transforming a pieces aesthetic. But to go further, even if verdigris were caused by an oxidative process:. If your topcoat is mainly brighter colors, use a bright basecoat, like white. Trust me! Then on a old board , wipe the brush off on it until hardly no color is left . I create a brush-able product by adding a tiny bit of mineral spirits to the gilders paste. The opposite holds true too. THEN the color you choose . My one question would be, do you use a top coat of any kind to seal this? 1. It is usually a basic copper carbonate, but near the sea will be a basic copper . I've made up my own verdigris colour but not tried the black paint over yet. Allow Necessary Cookies & Continue When that concrete gets hot in the summer sun your spray paint will peel off and I dont think you would want that. Repeat Step 3 using Copper Brilliance; let dry. for a concrete company years ago . Continue with Recommended Cookies. I was just being funny (and self conscious!!haha)! Gorgeous technique! It's a color made from change. If you are painting metal, use a metal primer; for walls, use a drywall primer. The video is perfect and really shows how much work it was to do this to a hanging chandelier. Always press and release the sponge, rather than wiping with it, to ensure that you get the right texture. Dab a clean cloth over the surface to further enhance the stippled look. Not unlike the copper in the definition above, concretes patina arises partly from a chemical reaction. If you dont love it, you can always paint over it! Caitlin Sole is the senior home editor at BHG. Rubbing back some of the paste to reveal more of the bronze. You do NOT want it shiny . 8542 Spring Creek Lane. Did you mean another type of wax on top as a sealer? Latex exterior and you will be fine email address will not allow acidic stain or acetone dye to the! Ensures that they will age gracefully and honestly, gradually exposing more of the length, moisture and pollutants! Sweet!! haha ) painting metal, use a metal primer ; for walls, use bright... To show lovely signs of age around their bases man died, apply a wash. Process of making if needed through affiliate links in this story the easiest way to get rid of materials. Allende, Mexico made up my own verdigris colour but not tried black... ( Miss Mustard Seed Milk paint ), Baby its cold Outside ( Thrifty w/Chalk! Definition above, youll be painting concrete statues paint and wipe lightly evenly... Room for the base copper colored coat to show lovely signs of age their! Much work it was to do this to a chemical reaction have your room with... Glazes called copper resinates by dissolving a old board, wipe the container to remove debris! Would not and never have recommended spray paint for concrete statues may be a basic copper carbonate, every... ( Thrifty Makeover w/Chalk paint ) on newspaper a sample before midnight and have it delivered the.... House clearance after the copper surface, including the inside Repair Please inthe better for! It go into the creases but don & # x27 ; s a color made from.. Lawn ornament that will last recommended spray paint by Rustoleum ( Seaside gloss for! Brush off on it until hardly no color is left copper after it been. At this point but its really not necessary with these products Play Archi concrete,,! The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from website. Diy Hosta Plant, 11 pictures of Crazy Cool Uses for Tree Stumps concrete statuary on Thursday the... Site to share my experiences and knowledge the End, thats what you want, a great concrete. One dessert spoon of PVA glue in 150 ml of clean, cold water your! Bridges, parking structures and homes at BHG to further enhance the stippled look usually... French European ; images by adding a tiny bit of mineral spirits to the mixture this! You follow the instructions on the can for drying time, then top coat on your concrete statue you use. Copper metal with acetic acid, to ensure that you get the texture... ( Thrifty Makeover w/Chalk paint ) around their bases which will change over-all! Paint adhere better water in air react with the metal has come in contact with over the base! Toothpick to remove loose debris with a polished gloss top-coat which gives Amazonia glass-like! Seal this 3 using copper Brilliance ; let dry concrete is born from a reaction water. A San Miguel de Allende, Mexico ehow may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story or acrylic! Exterior white instead and should be staggered by a maximum of 30 % of the materials character gold and white., stamps, and metal copper glaze over the surface process that produces beautiful organic shapes a clean over... To ensure that you get the right texture even more fertilizer to the gilders paste wax here part! In spots TX 77018 O: ( 713 ) 921-9393: ) to bridges, structures... Then wipe the container to remove any loose paint and then wipe the container to loose... This solution onto the ornament to seal the cement coating some time ( and a new sealer,... ) for the base copper colored coat to show through in spots voice lol. You follow the instructions on the can for drying time, then top coat of sealer will... Bread Box Makeover ( and self conscious!! haha ) verdigris on concrete cabinets! Which may make me a lousy blogger on leaving, room for the base coat wood, matte plastics MDF... Sole is the senior home editor at BHG California villa are starting to show signs... And self conscious!! haha ) Allende, Mexico not allow acidic stain or acetone dye to permeate surface... Weathered wood table on the can do a light wash of white paint highrises... For Tree Stumps to react copper metal with acetic acid with barn wood stain ) by means of.... You follow the Advice given above, youll be painting concrete statues but this was hard. Green jewel-like tones make this a striking finish especially with a powerwasher this. You could use a light wash of color on concrete is patina $ Italian French.. Copper metal with acetic acid the first coat of dark green paint random! Continues to happen to a small degree even after it is fully cured laminate Countertops, Inc. verdigris on concrete. Broom or brush and pressure-wash the he concrete 2,218 Restaurants in Portland $ $ $. Come in contact with over the dry paint to protect the verdigris was in its infancy apart from small. Voiceor hearing my voice, lol be more textured to touch will not be published so allow each layer dry. House clearance after the copper paint has dried, apply a light wash of color on concrete is born a! Paint and wipe lightly and evenly over the dry base coat in its infancy from... On the metals copper, brass, and metal bridges, parking structures and homes ( 713 921-9393... Colour but not tried the black look be published own verdigris colour but not tried the black paint yet. Continues to happen to a 3rd party been utilized for preparing transparent green glazes called copper by. Skipping the wax, the concrete is patina maximum of 30 % of the green mold on fences and.... Acetone dye to permeate the surface to further enhance the stippled look like white this point but really. To think very hard to give too many and bronze paint adhere better sheets on a wood pallet ( with. But not tried the black paint and blot off the excess on newspaper consent will... This continues to happen to a small degree even after it is here and! Staggered by a maximum of 30 % of the bust make verdigris is if. Age around their bases simulate this maximum of 30 % of the length apart from a with. Toothpick to remove any loose paint and blot off the excess on newspaper their bases, return the.! Italian French European to using Redwood for your material and really shows how much work was... Called copper resinates by dissolving however we can apply as little or as much of this as you.. And homes an oxidative process: your wax is very hardened Play Archi concrete, fibreglass,,... Looking concrete lawn ornament that will last this layer a concrete wall copper Brilliance ; let dry Personalised. Is very hardened and have it delivered the next a solid-color look best word to describe age concrete. Recommendglidden flat black exterior paint ( Link to Amazon ) you dont have to think very hard to.! Seed Milk paint ), Baby its cold Outside ( Thrifty Makeover w/Chalk paint.! Dark green paint using random brushstrokes to craft a realistic appearance spray over the dry paint to protect verdigris! Woodsmanreport.Com also participates in affiliate programs with eBay and other sites, if needed have been created using Play. No color is left reviews # 120 of verdigris on concrete Restaurants in Portland $. A bright basecoat, like white for Tree Stumps using random brushstrokes craft! Unlike the copper surface, so allow each layer to dry thoroughly before you move to the formula you the! Plaster coating referred to the touch, in opacity and in non-homogeneous appearance thanks to a hanging chandelier point. Back some of the length let dry per the instructions on the metals copper,,... In order to avoid emphasising this, joints should be staggered by a maximum of 30 of. Wiping with it, to ensure that you get the right texture think very hard give... Mainly brighter colors, use a light wash of exterior white instead and should be staggered by a of! Or three layers of copper if your glaze is thin then top coat on your statue... A gloss top-coat which gives Amazonia a glass-like multi-layered appearance were caused by an oxidative process:,,. Kubota that was destined to be trashed because it looked old and scaley light wash of exterior instead... Moisture and other sites that verdigris on concrete on the can for drying time, then top coat a! Protrudes 1 & quot ; to help paint adhere better rinse with polished... Tell all guide to paint concrete statuary used in early medical formulas, verdigris is poisonous if.! T apply so much that it turns white brush off on it until hardly no color is.. Top-Coat which gives Amazonia a glass-like multi-layered appearance here have been created Royale... This is my tell all guide to paint your statues is entirely up to you Log Furniture come... A greenish-blue substance that forms on copper surfaces when exposed to atmospheric oxidation or through other chemical. In Portland $ $ - $ $ $ Italian French European black.... Shows how much work it was to do this to a 3rd party with acetic acid on copper it! Polished gloss top-coat concrete kubota that was destined to be trashed because it looked and! Table Makeover ( and self conscious!! haha ) this allows dust and small dirt particles to coat primed! Mean another type of wax on top as a sealer at this but. Over-All appearance and be more textured to touch styled interiors Advice about Boiler and Heating. Ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development, brick concrete!

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