22-45, Appalachian Journal and Appalachian State University, Social Justice, Vol. Lori Kersey, 40 Years Ago: Buffalo Creek Disaster, Charleston Gazette-Mail, February 25, 2012. The U.S. examining the plaintiffs. Senator Ed Muskie (D-NH) in one photo, then running for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination, shown campaigning ahead of the New Hampshire primary. The tragedy resulted in a $13.5 million class action settlement, and led to the 1973 Dam Control Act. Each of the plaintiffs ended up with about $13,000. According to Young, Appalachia is a region discarded as an expendable population. But exploring how these negative stereotypes promote such attitudes can sharpen our understanding and ability to fight the treatment of all current and future oppressed groups.. The gathering has become somewhat of a tradition held every year minus last year at the library by retired director Liz Tackett. The dams were not designed or constructed in accordance with then-current engineering standards. By the days end, hundreds of homes and vehicles were destroyed, thousands were left homeless, and 125 men, women, and children were dead. A few years later, construction began on water and sewage systems, and some permanent housing was built. Its nine members, however, were either sympathetic to the coal industry, or government officials whose departments might have been complicit in the dams failures. Nader and McAteer, in a letter to key members of Congress urging investigations, estimated that hundreds of thousands of West Virginians living in narrow Appalachian valleys, could be threatened by sudden catastrophic flooding from unstable coal waste dams. Jacob Turkale holds a rainbow trout he caught Tuesday, Feb. 22, 2022, along Buffalo Creek in his hometown of Man, W.Va. Fifty years ago in West Virginia, the collapse of an coal-waste impoundment unleashed a torrent of black water into a narrow valley. One of the country's worst mining-related disasters occurred February 26, 1972, on Buffalo Creek in Logan County. MAN, W.Va. (AP) The day before the disaster hit, Perry Harvey went fishing on Buffalo Creek for one reason. Penny Loeb's 2007 book, "Moving Mountains". Share Buffalo Creek Flood. In 1971, Pittston was cited for over 5,000 safety violations at its mines nationally. Article Citation: The news of the Buffalo Creek Disaster broke variously across the nation the next few days, in part due to the difficulty of getting to the site. [I]n true Appalachian fashion, few people are ready to accept the responsibility of leadership is another. Headlines of the 'Charleston Daily Mail' of Charleston, WV reporting early death toll of 66 people killed during the Buffalo Creek flood disaster, the result of a giant coal waste wall of water from failed gob dams high in the hills upstream, also showing houses tossed about in the ravaged watershed. On Saturday, victims were being remembered at the same high school that served as a temporary morgue 50 years ago. Click for copy. Each upstream dam was built several hundred yards upstream of the previous dam. The only warning we had was just a neighbor woman had spotted it and just pulled in front of our house and hollered, Run, the dam has broke! remembered survivor Shirley Marcum. 8:03 a.m., dam #3 failed and carried away dams #1 and #2. The community continues to honor and remember those lost during the Buffalo Creek mining disaster. Ben A. Franklin, New York Times News Service, Dam Failures Common: Whos Liable for Flooding, Charleston Gazette, February 28, 1972. The toxic coal slurry poured into Kentuckys Coldwater and Wolf creeks, then to the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River, traveling more than 70 miles downstream, and eventually reaching the Ohio River, with blackwater visible at Cincinnati. Mine Safety and Health Administration) to the Buffalo Creek area a few days after the disaster. And that same year, 1967, the U.S. Department of the Interior had warned state officials that the Buffalo Creek dams and 29 others throughout West Virginia were unstable and dangerous.[I]f you dont do some-thing, were all going to be washed away. amzn_assoc_linkid = "97ba3d2dfe21cb80a887e1d63f028ef6"; Associated Press, 37 Killed as Flood Sweeps A Valley in West Virginia, New York Times, Sunday, February 27, 1972, p. 1. Judge Hall ruled that the plaintiffs survivor-syndrome claims might exceed $10,000 NovemberSpecial grand jury led by two special prosecuting attorneys (includingWVUCollege its motion to dismiss. As of 1987, Pittston was still among the ten largest coal companies in the U.S. Create a password that only you will remember. This mining activity, though in the past, had stripped away the water-absorbing forest undergrowth, thus increasing surface run-off during heavy precipitation. Russell Mokhiber, Buffalo Creek, Chapter 5, Corporate Crime & Violence: Big Business Power and the Abuse of the Public Trust, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1998. The pool behind Dam No. The association used settlement money to start fixing the creek. Gerald M.Stern writes the story of The Buffalo Creek Disaster, how a coal cleaning impoundment dam burst, killing 125 people injuring more than 1000 and causing over 4000 people to be homeless. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Most of Buffalo Creek was previously owned by the Popp family, who ran a dairy farm before converting to grain crops such as soybeans, wheat and corn. Out of the total settlement, Arnold and Porter took a legal fee of $3 million. Public Service Commission and Water They are used to hard times. One newspaper, reporting on the study and the Senate hearings, used the headlines Army Corps of Engineers Says Dam Doomed From Start (below). Mary Walton, State Warned in 1967 of Larado Dam Danger, Charleston Gazette, March 1, 1972. He reported there was no danger of a washout of Dam No. 1966A United Kingdom coal-waste dump in South Aberfam, Wales similar A few helicopters were used initially until local miners and others, and the National Guard, began clearing debris and building makeshift roads and bridges. 36, No. For the flood that followed the collapse of West Virginia's Buffalo Creek Dam in 1972like the one in Idahowas a manmade "natural disaster." It killed 125 people and left hundreds of coal. there wasnt any flood. Somewhere down in this valley I was born, Breiding sings on the album, adopting the persona of a fourth-generation coal miner who never left home. Buffalo Creek disaster remembered 40 years later The Associated Press The Associated Press Feb 27, 2012 The Tri-State's TRUSTED news source. He believed most local people didnt tell Randolph and other politicians how they really feel. He lives in my building. First Lieut. Governor Arch Moore accepted a $1 million settlement from the Pittston Coal Company related to the 1972 Buffalo Creek Flood. It just doesnt seem that long ago that it happened, Harvey said. He said his family washed off and cooked chickens that were killed in the aftermath of the flood. Pittston was also the fifth largest corporate landowner in the Appalachian region at the time, holding nearly 375,000 acres. Work began on drafting a settlement. Nearly 50 years later, there are still hundreds of coal waste dams to worry about, as well as other assorted coal waste dangers throughout the U.S. TVAs spill was from a coal ash impoundment, which is somewhat different than a mine-site slurry impoundment, as it deals with post-combustion, powerplant coal ash, which involves a different regulatory arena than mine-site or coal processing impoundments. Saturday marks 50 years since the Buffalo Creek Disaster in Logan County. The citizens commission report, formally titled. National Guard helicopters picked up survivors and delivered supplies. In the early days of the European settlement of Australia, especially during the 1800's, it was common for large numbers of Aboriginal people (men, women and children) to be massacred by the white settlers, including by police and soldiers. (BMCs) dam #1 fails causes a steam explosion and damaging the Saunders community As the wave moved down the mountain valley it wiped out much of what stood in its path. In the U.S. Congress at the time, federal legislation was being considered to regulate strip mining, and the Buffalo Creek disaster figured into the debate. Dam No. Gertie Moore, a former Logan County Schools bus driver, tearfully recalls two children who perished in the Buffalo Creek Flood during a memorial service at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library on Friday, Feb. 24. the increased regulation cost might bankrupt it and became open to buyout. Mimi Pickering (Film Director), Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man (essay), Library of Congress, 1978 (in 1984, filmmaker Mimi Pickering completed Buffalo Creek Revisited, an update on the flood and its consequences). March 2, 1973Judge Hall holds hearing on Pittstons motion to dismiss (AP Photo/John Raby), My dad and brothers all were fishermen and miners, Harvey said. One of the country's worst mining-related disasters occurred February 26, 1972, on Buffalo Creek in Logan County. flagrant disregard for the safety of residents of Buffalo Creek and other persons Rescue operations and accurate reporting of the dead and missing were made difficult by the fact that access to the area by road had been wiped out, with bridges destroyed and rail lines blocked or flooded. The Pittston Coal Co., meanwhile, continued extracting coal in the Buffalo Creek area through its subsidiary there. Porterfield described a makeshift morgue set up at the local junior high school, likening it to the famous scene from Gone with the Wind in which Scarlett OHara stands astonished looking upon a sea of battlefield casualties. ofBMC. The huge wall of coal wastewater was 30 feet high and 550 feet wide as it gouged its way down the hollow, first smashing through Saunders and then, successively through Pardee, Lorado, Londale, and a dozen other small villages in the narrow creek valley. Some residents in higher hilltop homes overlooking Buffalo Creek, watched as entire houses floated down the hollow, some later crashing into a small bridge downstream. Survivors of 1972 Dam Disaster Accept $13.5-Million Settlement, New York Times, July 6, 1974. Disaster at Buffalo Creek. W. Va. 1974). More than a dozen towns were inundated and 125 people lost their lives. Click for copy. Jules Loh, Associated Press, Buffalo Creek Hollow: A Nice Place to Live Then The Flood, March 5, 1972. The fact that the plaintiffs were involved in a lawsuit against Pittston instead of passively accepting their fate was alone evidence of their ability to cope, Ewen and Lewis write, essentially arguing that Everything in Its Path is myopic in its attention on the communitys destruction. I love it, said Jacob Turkale, 25, who caught a rainbow trout Tuesday. Moore regarding their request that a coal miner be added to the commission, a separate Citizens Commission was formed to provide an independent review of the disaster. Nader was also quoted saying: The Buffalo Creek massacre is only one more in the long series of tragedies which coal corporations have perpetrated upon the people of Appalachia, especially of West Virginia.. Pearl Woodrum letter, Feb 1968 Interiors study had been prompted by a coal dam failure in Aberfan, Wales in 1966 a catastrophe that had killed 147 people, including 116 school children. Associated Press (Man, WV. Approximately 550 homes were destroyed, and another 900-plus were damaged. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; Peter Galuszka's "Thunder on the Mountain". When that report came out it called for new legislation and further inquiry by the local prosecutor, also concluding: Norm Williams, Deputy Director, WV-DNR & Citizens' Commission chairman. 1 (FALL 1999), pp. Each failure added millions of gallons to the monstrous wave of water bearing down on the residents of the countryside and towns below. (plus appendices, vol. George Vecsey, West Virginia Flood Toll At 60 With Hundreds Lost, New York Times, February 28, 1972. In 1977, Gov. 2. and $50 million punitive damages. A Pittston Coal Group decal sticker listing some of the company's mining locations in the VA-WV area. Hall. The water was there, and then it was gone., As the wave moved down the mountain valley it wiped out much of what stood in its path. Buy Now. But before the acquisition, Pittston engineers had reportedly surveyed the Buffalo Mining property, and according to company officials who later testified: Our reports had no indication that there was any danger, or that anything was wrong with the impoundments . February 28Pittston employee distributes warning memorandum previously Since the impoundment regulations were implemented in 1975, there have been no incidents of dam failures at coal waste impoundments. But in the valley below, Buffalo Creek ran for about 17 miles where some 5,000 people lived in a string of 16 small towns built along the valleys bottom lands. 3/4 (SPRING/SUMMER 2009), pp. The current rose so high that it covered telephone poles. Why Theyve Got West Virginians Worried, YesMagazine.org, April 23, 2015. The experts concluded that the victims suffered from In addition to the deaths, the disaster injured 1,100 and left more than 4,000 people homeless. But his youngest son and daughter and his wife were among the missing. The first coal camps at Buffalo Creek were built. Judge Hall suggests selecting 4-5 sample cases on the question of liability. U. S. Department of Interior, Task Force to Study Coal Waste Hazards, Preliminary Analysis of the Coal Refuse Dam Failure at Saunders, West Virginia February 26, 1972, Washington, D.C., March 12, 1972. Half of its downstream side slumped but Liz Tackett, retired former director of the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library, opens up a memorial service for survivors of the Buffalo Creek Flood on Friday, Feb. 24. It was the flood at lick fork. Survivor Tim Hall, a Lundale native who now lives at Mud Fork near Logan, said the flood was worse than any other disaster because of the destruction it caused. .In 1971, Pittston was cited for over 5,000 safety violations at its mines nationally. Vicki Smith, Feds OK Coal Slurry Dam Expansion, GazetteMail.com, March 25, 2013. Buffalo Creek Flood survivor Fred Pierson gives his account of how the flood made him conquer his fear of water during a memorial service at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library on Friday, Feb. 24. (AP Photo/John Raby). Buffalo Creek Disaster is not just about heroes but a dramatic tale that involves the loss of lives and property and the legal war containing a litigation drama that resulted in the payment of the settlement. What happened after the Buffalo Creek disaster? 300 acre-feet of water would be: The Pittston Company: Company Profile & History, ReferenceForBusiness.com. How the 1972 Buffalo Creek Flood Disaster Forever Changed Appalachia A Book Proposal by Tom Nugent. Sunshine and clouds mixed. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; Journal of Appalachian Studies, Vol. April 30, 1974Plaintiffs amended their complaint. Pierce. The state's investigation into the disaster is filled with controversy. Published: Feb. 27, 2022 at 12:17 PM PST. Film Clip, The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act Of Man, YouTube.com (8:22), February 20, 2012. The Buffalo Creek (W.Va.) flood is one of the most extensively examined and longest followed disasters in the psychiatric study of trauma. The Logan prosecutor said at the time that Pittstons failure to receive a state dam license was merely a misdemeanor and that a one-year statute of limitations for prosecutions had lapsed. 201 12th StS They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining slag or gob coal mining waste into the dams. He spoke with residents, including a woman who said she lost eighteen relatives in the flood. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. May 1972, Wash., DC. A German immigrant from Munich, John Popp (1832-1922) arrived in the U.S. in 1851 and settled in Wheeling. His words paint a picture of a bleak future for a people suffering from a cyclical system of abuse. There was a problem saving your notification. 1,121 individuals were injured over 4,000 of Buffalo Creeks approximately 5,000 residents were immediately rendered homeless. They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining slag or gob coal mining waste into the dams. One retired coal miner who survived the flood, but who lost his wife, daughter and granddaughter in the disaster, explained what he experienced in one Charleston Gazette account: How I got out of that water, I dont know I rode the house a long ways. Committee in a lawsuit against Pittston. and denies the motion for the time being while plaintiffs obtain full discovery. The Earth Justice organization, one of the environmental groups following this issue, has complied a U.S. map of these sites as shown above. And people die. Yet, as all who lived in those parts knew well, this was a coal disaster, not an act of God, as the coal company would later claim. spillway on Dam #3. Is the unique Appalachian dialect the preserved language of Elizabethan England? The Buffalo Creek Disaster: The Story of the Survivors . The commission consisted of nine men with ties to the coal industryor a vested interest in proving that Pittston Coal and state regulating agencies were not responsible. One of the photos used in Disaster on Buffalo Creek: A Citizens' Report on Criminal Negligence in a West Virginia Mining Community, 1972. An early New York Times story filed from Man, West Virginia, implicated 'coal waste pile' in its reporting on the Buffalo Creek disaster, along with a photo of some of the local damage. Click for copy. The physical conditions leading to the failure of the dam are complex and involve a weak foundation and saturated embankment giving rise to failure of the downstream portion of the dam and a sudden total collapse of the remainder of the dam due to liquefaction. A separate settlement for survivors amounted to about $13,000 per plaintiff. Instead, the builders end-dumped and shoved loosely compacted layers of coarse refuse across the valley. The U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Labor had already begun an investigation, and by late May 1972 also began a series of public hearings on the Buffalo Creek disaster. ITHAKA. For additional stories at this website on the history of coal and coal mining, see for example, the following: Paradise: 1971 (about a John Prine song, strip mining in Muhlenberg County, KY, and the demise of a small town); Mountain Warrior (profile of Kentucky author and coal-field activist, Harry Caudill, noted for his famous book, Night Comes to The Cumberlands and his life-long critique of Appalachian strip mining); Giant Shovel on I-70 (about strip mining in southeastern Ohio during the 1960s and `70s and the use of giant strip-mining shovels there); Coal & The Kennedys, (featuring Kennedy family involvement with Appalachian coal communities, deep mine safety, environmental protection, and related political issues, 1960s-2010s); Sixteen Tons, 1950s (the famous Tennessee Ernie Ford song and some coal mining history, 1940s-1960s); and, G.E.s Hot Coal Ad, 2005 (a General Electric TV ad that features a new breed of coal miner). 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