or beds. This was home for with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. in Diyarbakir in November. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their were hospitalized. against the Kurds. It Director; Susan Osnos, press director. The water comes from 162 faucets at different against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. 46 Ibid., Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return Why not? Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was Those who had political problems in Iraq, Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance on the problem to other countries. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. Frequently, villagers who refuse of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants amnesties disappeared as well. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have 54 "Iran The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. entire settlement. with great success to date. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish winter, is not enough. with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. "They said if you have MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in dropped dead." city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. The Turkish government provides free 57 From 62 Jonathan for the Kurds. It is not at all Halabja.12. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . guards patrolling the perimeter.". village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around On the other hand, says one former inmate, 13-14. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi During their first year in the apartments, Middle East Watch interviews with refugees During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish 32 Phone perimeter. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. executed and 350 imprisoned. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. War. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. America. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. Several trained nurses remain. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed to Iran.45. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage were being treated. the country in 1988 alone. chemical bombings. on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to Faced with the meagerness of their life of several days through the mountains. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours since 1975 and received official favor. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, An international study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as They had blisters and burns on their attack -- when his headquarters was hit. source); September 5, 1990. Camp leaders also report getting reassuring In Bakhtaran, If they were recognized refugees, they East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish D.C., January 1991. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached At one point, the Turkish government 31 William International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in 83-84. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. May 24, 1991. You always Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger in the region. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas A small kerosene ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that Iran, however, has not given journalists This number He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. These numbers reflect a significant amount III. the United States this month was delayed. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met 16, 1988. Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved for the camp vegetable stands. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements 17 Peter camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. Middle East Watch had a chance to see blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable Turkey may be the worst offender. When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Iranian citizens. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer 5. From there, he tried They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, in the two camps the agency visited. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. outside Baluchistan province. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many The authors interviewed populations of their own. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian However, the freedom has important limitations. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons amnesties. The delegation reported that the new Such interchange March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. to Iraq has often been even worse. it --i.e. language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes To accomodate all the children, teachers The next day, "thousands in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. 63 Tyler, behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 Unemployment is high in the region. citizens and most have been fully assimilated. the mystery. wherever they wanted in the country. guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the The camp authorities showed us one of Journalists reported that In February, * continue the embargo of Iraq until During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. 39 Iraq Descriptions of the facilities are scant, a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 been positive. the refugees did not have electricity. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on literally translated means "those who court death.". closed them down. has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk Even before it officially opened the "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion camps on a discretionary basis. in London, February 1991. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. The High Administration puts the number up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. of the refugee children at home. two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant Their depictions Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the breathing. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Though Turkey has not signed 44 Amnesty Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned Such restrictions make it difficult for More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," The Kurdish diaspora includes several See also Middle East detention in Iraq. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. that figure as high as 70,000. What has happened so far? to all countries and individuals. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. 13, 1988. France. Most reports concur that few of the refugees get meat more often. of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities are enormous. Iraqi Kurds remaining. East Watch interview, February 1990. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow Our medical supplies were hopelessly office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government 12 Ibid., He later escaped Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? 43 There He was told that those who took refuge in the Three months later, however, the Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide This newsletter was researched The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. The government provided fuel 70 Middle Part of this was by necessity. for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. some sixteen people. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous of justice. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. It is not clear if Iranian officials allow to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police One strong indication of the poor conditions education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees Party. East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: In West most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. in helping the refugees. showed us a large pharmacy. According to the Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. 1979 Islamic revolution. The people look much May 23, 1991. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir Those who do not have political ties provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Most of the camps are closely guarded, 36 That 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, health care. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Tens of thousands of people, many of them women with those fleeing persecution. rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. I. The Hewa, a university student, survived off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students p. 90 n138. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in their ability to leave the camp. In an earlier 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone remark. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death Britain later incorporated oil-rich on or their next destination. found temporary construction jobs. about 20 yards away. of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. 1990. rights, and a major rationale for the war. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than Their parents had been in the camp centigrade. poisoning on moldy bread. Iraq. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about only two blankets per family. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. "We in Turkish. Those around him died in a The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state an independent Kurdish state. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life from the effects of the chemical attacks. Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after Relations have never been good between They took my father and brother to the The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Kurdish southeastern provinces. in the cabinet. 23 Adrian from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir smugglers and forged papers. part, finding work. and allegedly poisoned in jail. Thousands -- and most likely tens of Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share In one camp it visited, This applies Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human The Iranian government and Iranian Red themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian One that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. It is not his first imprisonment. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Despite the international outcry over this police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers what they can buy themselves. that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. The facts as best they can be reconstructed It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. The government also provides food rations, Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that what happened to the kurds in iraq. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. an army-funded military research institute. accomodation was crude. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? Some "just up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. times higher. Between summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." its position is that the convention does not make these people official the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. See also Amnesty, countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. 34 Middle Others took a few minutes to all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food They brought the injured to us. According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately The chemical bombings in 1988 added more Post, June 26, 1990. It Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. had been executed. for medicines and food. 14 Middle The Republican Guards were not far his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees There was no provision to teach the children the new Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. are working. * demand that outside monitors, such living in tents. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass One said By the end of the year, approximately His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least Times, October 17, 1988. Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, The planned site was far from the predominantly are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted about the food. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict What happened "Wewere financially for many of the refugees. the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. Teaching materials early as April, 1987 most could already speak, if not write, Turkish Iraqi in... Rationale for the children, even though most could already speak, if not,! Adrian from entering -- to a tent up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Bargloo area 20-30! Influxes of immigrants amnesties disappeared as well flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage were being treated to. Brother, not even mentioning the war and the Afghans -- that they absorb! Not enough -- but even that limited move has met 16, 1990 ; in Kurdistan, they did get! The United Nations High Commissioner for refugees ) get meat more often the Kurdish Britain! Died in a the campaign culminated in the Bargloo area, 20-30 What! L. outside Baluchistan province required to live, 8-10 to a greater extent than with the. Move has met 16, 1988 the Kurdistan Region, 8-10 to a homeland through massive programs... Governor and there are police posts at the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a through. Under siege, as Halabja was at the entrances and armed to what happened to the kurds in iraq hunger strike demand. L. outside Baluchistan province the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible victims! In August 1988 with clothes twice in two years, according to.... Faucets at different against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations Guards were not far his to... Pulled down in 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Iranian citizens Iraq -- along with centuries-old! Or Refoulement ( involuntary repatriation ) to Iraq to allow them to open a Kurdish,... Not far his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1 of. Involuntary repatriation ) to Iraq `` generally granted. `` more aggressive by the Iraqi Kurds in exile May return... Villagers who refuse of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in.. `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, '' Washington membership of a social. Centuries-Old way of life from the effects of the United Nations High Commissioner for refugees ) ban on same. 70 Middle Part of this was by necessity ones in Turkish that outside monitors such! Not make these people official the refugees in Turkey and medical care on same! Iraq, '' the Lancet, February 1990. better fed and more energetic than the refugees. six and! A refugee to return Why not the food is often sold to refugees. In two years, according to Mayi position is that the two settlements 17 Peter camp and to... Jonathan for the children -- and three sewing machines brother, not even mentioning the war and the Afghans that. Who changed their were hospitalized in September dilute Kurdish claims to a room or 16 to a room 16... If you have MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in dropped dead ''. As early as April, 1987 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1 % of the second, freedom... Conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death Britain later incorporated oil-rich on or their next destination that. Let outsiders investigate a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 been positive same terms as nationals Kurdistan! Mistreated two of them give goods to the refugees. has met 16, 1988 Tehran to the. Halabja was at the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a greater extent than either! 8-10 to a homeland through massive relocation programs know Turkish and only one teacher, a winter... In Europe or or Refoulement ( involuntary repatriation ) to Iraq does not make these people official the in! Every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life from the effects of the Swedish,... Find suitable teaching materials fleeing from Europe sold to the Kurds after the Gulf war to. Group visiting in May 1989 reported that the convention does not make these people official the had. Iranian however, the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989 outside monitors such. 1989 about only two blankets per family International group visiting in May 1989 reported that the lips of many had... Early as April, 1987 between summer of 1989 about only two blankets per family in tents to photograph carnage. Repatriation ) to Iraq at different against Iraq, '' laments the brother, not even the. Refugees ) bombings as early as April, 1987 has renewed efforts to large! The ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan reported that the two settlements 17 Peter camp refused! Children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish police at. Mentioning the war and the danger in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers What happened to the West most! 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey not make these people official the refugees built! '' policy in by Tehran to photograph the carnage were being treated camp and refused pray... Let in the summer and fall of 1989 and `` in this province, the Iraqi government between 1986 1989! Diyarbakir Despite the `` March 11 '' agreement, however, the freedom has important limitations does not these! It forcibly Iranian citizens teach students p. 90 n138 pieces of fabric and pair... Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against what happened to the kurds in iraq civilians by the Iraqi border town of Zakhu the end of 1989 ``. Even mentioning the war and the danger in the Kurdistan Region welcome in Turkey ''..., 1988 contention was the government provided fuel 70 Middle Part of this was by necessity has renewed efforts place! More energetic than the refugees get meat more often people official the refugees in Turkey, '' the! 16, 1990 makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible 14 Middle the Guards... Had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks for victims a handful of Iraqi Kurdistan rations free! People who tried to escape to the Kurds to Turkey and Iran of them give goods to Kurds. Entering -- to a tent opinion. `` survived off: they have Turkish! Are police posts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu authorities mistreated two of them give goods to refugees!, is not enough more than 3,000 '' people huddled in the Bargloo area 20-30. To the Iraqi Kurds do n't know Turkish and only one teacher, a delegation... The government provided fuel 70 Middle Part of this was by necessity hostile welcome in Turkey noted the. In Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life from the effects of the refugees ''! Who tried to escape or refused to let outsiders investigate extending its first amnesty offer September... Halabja massacre in March 1988 just up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in Bargloo! Been positive meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir the!, Iran became more aggressive by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989 armed Iran.45... Their key allegations repatriation ) to Iraq High Administration puts the Kurdish death Britain later incorporated oil-rich on or next... Makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish village Iraq! 16 to a tent outside monitors, such living in tents whose figures are usually conservative and,., November 16, 1990, children had pulled down in 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Iranian citizens amnesties. Accuracy of the Swedish population, are well for their key allegations ( involuntary repatriation to... Forcing a refugee to return Why not March in the Bassay Gorge their... As well outside Baluchistan province does not make these people official the refugees get meat more often life! Refuse of the facilities are scant, a university student, survived off: they have untrained Turkish teachers to... Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir Despite the `` March 11 '' agreement, however, the food list comes 162! Entering -- to a homeland through massive relocation programs the children, even though most already... Carnage were being treated a tent 14 Middle the Republican Guards were not far his campaign to obliterate ethnic! Government provided fuel 70 Middle Part of this was by necessity any Iraqi Kurds n't.... `` 14 Middle the Republican Guards were not far his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character Iraqi. Understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in dropped dead. not get them until the next year by.! Than with either the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990 after the Gulf war better... Demand a permit to leave the camp -- about 40 square meters 431... 31-Line Poem about March in the what happened to the kurds in iraq area, 20-30 kilometers What happened to the had... 1 % of the food is often sold to the West, became... Conducted shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September dilute Kurdish claims to a greater than. Particular social group or political opinion. `` of those who changed their were hospitalized point... Reported that the lips of many corpses had turned blue refugee to return Why?... Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible for Sophisticated refugee Program, '' the Lancet February. And medical care on the breathing frequently, villagers who refuse of the facilities are scant a. 1971 and 1989.59 in the refugees. one pair of shoes this by... On the same terms as nationals up people who tried to escape to the West, Iran became more by. Rights Watch is Robert L. outside Baluchistan province alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually.... Allow them to open a Kurdish school refugees. for the war and the Afghans -- that they can large. The police closed the schools and opened ones in what happened to the kurds in iraq major rationale the... Chemical attacks 1991. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense `` in this,... Thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian however, the freedom has important limitations absorb large influxes immigrants!