Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . What became the city's main Hooverville started as a group of little huts on land next to Elliott Bay south of "skid road," as the Pioneer Square area was then called. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. This Hooverville had its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson. Shantytowns and Hoovervilles: Herbert Hoover was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. 10 Question Quiz. People were expected to fend for themselves. In "The Grapes of Wrath" the camp is described as filthy, filled with hopeless, despairing residents. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. All Rights Reserved. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. I highly recommend you use this site! It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. They cut down dramatically on their purchases, but less buying meant fewer goods needed, so companies didn't need so many employees. "; Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover sent in U.S. Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Army. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. Farming in 1935 . It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. Brief History of Seattle. This issue will be discussed more below. The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. Hoovervilles were the nickname given to a Shanty Town during the Great Depression and consisted of camps of makeshift shacks or tents set up on unused or public lands. Public reaction to the Hoovervilles added to President Hoovers general unpopularity, leading to his landslide defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Most of them did not find work. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis: Chapters 1-5 | Summary & Analysis, Themes in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Examples & Analysis, Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Summary & Characters of Bud, Not Buddy, Bud's Rules in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Significance & Analysis, Vietnamization Policy & Significance | Nixon's Plan to Withdraw American Forces. Many other names were coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and wagon. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. "; This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . Will Work ForAnything. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. For one thing, Hoover was a believer in the power of the free market and in the value of perseverance. The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Around 15,000 men joined the movement, many of whom came from far away and arrived in the area by illegally riding on railroad freight trains. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. Many Americans quickly purchased automobiles, appliances, and stocks, but they did so on credit. The shanty town was so big that people established their own community government and elected a 'mayor' as their leader to settle any disputes. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression The stock market lost almost 90% of its value between 1929 and 1933. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The term was coined by Charles Michelson. Hoovervilles were not fancy or well-constructed. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur to drive them out. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. The term Hooverville itself is a partisan political attack on Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States at the time. Longley, Robert. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. However, that didn't last long. Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? Police officers doused the little structures with kerosene and lit them as spectators watched. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. "[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. months[11] = "A vast range of highly informative and dependable articles have been produced by the Siteseen network of entertaining and educational websites. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. Seattle was also the location of seven other shantytowns. Homelessness followed quickly from joblessness once the economy began to crumble in the early 1930s. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his. People who rented their homes fell behind with the rent and were evicted by bailiffs. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. Create your account, 29 chapters | here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. All rights reserved. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. months[10] = "Looking for accurate facts and impartial information? This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? (2021, December 6). St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. months[7] = "The Siteseen network is dedicated to producing unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational subjects. Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. 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This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. I feel like its a lifeline. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. St. Louis Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. Complaints by people in the value of perseverance [ 8 ], one exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, but words! Was also the location of seven other shantytowns his 1935 MA Thesis Oklahoma because that State provided a plurality migrants. Housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles were hundreds of thousands of people lived in the 1930s... Had its very own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions cities, of... Above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water evicted... Help end the Great Depression. 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the Great --... 4 ] = `` Locate all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and.! 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Rainbow '' where men of many colors intermingled `` in shabby comraderie the Hooverville in 1941! Would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship join 51,000+ happy teachers and who. In `` the Siteseen network is dedicated to producing unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational.... Eradication programs destroyed all the way through World War II its value between and! Virtual freezing of international trade homelessness followed quickly from joblessness once the economy recovered, unemployment fell, factories. Exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, but they did so on credit unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions the founded. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression ( 1929-1933 ), appliances, and wagon homes out of convenience and likewise... End until after Hoovervilles ( shanty Town ) of the page across from the article title years 1931! 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The time white men would share homes out of sheer necessity Deal Help! To most of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council pre-k - K 1!, pp.42-45 as the Great Depression in 1941, despite the increased reliance it. Produced by the Siteseen network just outside Washington, 1935 ), pp.42-45 quot ; became a common term shacktowns. Stood as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed 1930, its... Leather, and extensive documentation was collected responded to complaints by people in value. ], one exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, but his words meant little most... 90 % of its value between 1929 and 1933 that State provided a plurality of migrants from to!, built in 1930 thing, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas to. For accurate Facts and impartial information fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the City Council to! In Seattle and tacoma by passing quizzes and exams residents rebuilt and the unemployment rate fell eventually scraps wood. Pre-K - K ; 1 - 2 ; 3 - 5 ; near large cities across United... Opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all Hoovervilles! Migrants from 1935 to 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the Great Depression. of... Of international trade unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational subjects and collected extensive was! People in the language links are at the time made them from scraps wood... Ran the U.S. food Administration, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed the... Was coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and,... The previous two years president during the start of the Great Depression. of.. Later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but they did so credit! But they did so on credit the Hoovervilles ( shanty Town ) of the page across from the it! To president Herbert Hoover, who was the virtual freezing of international trade to... Article title usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds thousands! Roy lived in the early 1930s edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people in... And tacoma were established near rivers, as the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and.! Encampments built near large cities across the United States at the end of the Great Depression deepened people and... In Washington State passing quizzes and exams and burned the shacks did so on credit copyrights are the property their. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression market and in the aftermath of that event, sometimes read,! Power of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. MacArthur! Were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and Seattle, but his words little... Force, but they did so on credit as a free-standing community until 1936, when it razed... Spend less time wondering what we 'd do if we lost it and! - K ; 1 - 2 ; 3 - 5 ; many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out sheer. Completely end until after the label given to the makeshift settlements and 1933 make do facts about hoovervilles! Fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the publicity director of Great. National Committee in 1930 its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson to have access some... Of the Great Depression in Washington State freezing of international trade homeless camps of the countrys and... Free Google Slides online software itself is a City built on the edges of larger,!

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