written by a person called John, and this journey was necessary in It comes to us from extra-biblical sources recorded by several near-contemporary historians and theologians. I did a brief search and found yeahs and no's for this. second century, and one commentary on Papiass writings says that John was killed by a group of Jewish men. Supposedly, John was thrown into boiling oil. At this point, John had not only heard Jesus personal teachings of eternity, but he had glimpsed eternity in the transfiguration and ascension. Wikipedia, citing 9 published works, says, "The Gospel of John was written in Greek by an anonymous author." Another time, John was forced to drink poison, but, as promised in Mark 16:18, it did not hurt him. [3][4], John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos during a time of persecution under the Roman rule of Domitian in the late 1st century. Its primary purpose was the veneration of saints, with a secondary purpose of explaining how John came to write Revelation, as was by then supposed. was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ." All of them are located in Asia Minor, present-day Turkey. Here's an example by Tertullian, the second century theologian, in; The Prescription Against Heretics, Chapter 36. Tertullian (160-225) may have been the first to describe it as a historical event. What did John see on the island of Patmos? Posted by: St. Irenus speaks in very many places of the Apostle John and his residence in Asia and expressly declares that he wrote his Gospel at Ephesus (Against Heresies III.1.1), and that he had lived there until the reign of Trajan (loc. First, the Lord sent John to the island specifically to receive the revelation. John wrote of Christs second coming and welcomed his arrival. Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. Today the alleged spot of John's boiling at Rome is marked with a chapel called San Giovanni in Oleo, but this story is quite a stretch. (It is reasonable to have qualified that clause) For an accessible ref to Cerinthus as author, see: @bruisedreed There are thousands of blogs etc that approach this from both sides (for and against attributed authorship). oil. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. The epistles content, language and conceptual style are very similar to the Gospel of John, 2 John, and 3 John. Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. My kids are doubting because none of us can find it. Revelation 1:9 - I, John, both your brother and companion in the tribulation and kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. According to legend, the emperor ordered John to be boiled in oil, but John escaped entirely unhurt from this ordeal. Most likely, based upon the accounts of tradition, the apostle John was arrested in Ephesus and was about to be martyred and killed. Which of the disciples was stoned to death? Ananias found Saul and gave him the blessing. Which of the disciples was stoned to death? haer. Often asked: How Did Saint Andrew The Apostle Become A Saint? The best way to view our articles and Q&A. imaginative Christian traditions sprang up in the second and third A: The legend of John being boiled in oil began long after the New Testament was completed, and there is no scriptural support for the notion. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. Perhaps John was spared a violent death alone with the other apostles because it was Gods sovereign plan for John to write the book of Revelation, which was written later than the other canonical books. Browse, sort & search all Bible Study resources. Revelation 1:9 states: "I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation . Our Lord upon his his Cross said these words to the Apostle St. John: 26When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son! However, the second . It is free to read the full article by joining Born-Again-Christian.Org. However, the second-century Church Fathers. Never mind that if the Romans could not harm John by boiling him in oil, they could scarcely have forced him to go to Patmos, or that trading ships frequently stopped at Patmos and he could haveembarked any time he liked. When John didnt die but continued preaching from the cauldron, Domitian had him exiled to Patmos, a prison colony off the coast of Turkey, where he couldnt talk to anyone. By the time of the early church and Paul's appearance on the scene (after his time out of the record when he was apparently studying and learning), she would have been at least in her mid 60s, if not older. That is, John was exiled there by the Roman government because of his proclamation of the gospel. I have read it before, but don't know where. First, there are no known bones or other relics of St. John. Sign up for our weekly newsletter! The Bible does not tell us how the Apostle John died, so we simply cannot know for sure how he died. (Pliny, Natural History 4.6970; Tacitus, Annals 4.30)[5], According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. Tertullian (160-225) may have been the first to describe it as a historical event. How Does St. Paul Describe A True Apostle? Here's an example by Tertullian, the second century theologian, in; The Prescription Against Heretics, Chapter 36. Others do exist but this one now has the favour of modern popes. Certainly, nobody with house, wife and kids will go stay with another person. Mary's dwelling was on a hill to the left of the road from Jerusalem, some three and half hours from Ephesus. Please refrain from using the fallacy of argument from authority - try and engage with the actual issues. Copyright 2023 ReformedWiki. But the Lord appeared to him there and had him write the Book of Revelation. The apostle John was unique from all of the other apostles in that he alone lived to become an old man. If the oil did not work, why was he then exiled rather than simply being speared or crucified? While Jesus Christ was still on earth he had indicated that John would survive the other apostles. Byron | ), 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Hebrews 9:27 tells us that, " it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment." of age while at Epesus and died closer to 100 yrs of age. Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? The story of the Apostle John's miraculous rescue, from being boiled alive in oil, is not mentioned in the Holy Bible. Is this true? However, we do have some accounts from tradition that may help us figure out how he might have died. (ptms ) noun. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. The text of Revelation states that John was on Patmos, a Greek island where, according to most biblical historians, he was exiled as a result of anti-Christian persecution under the Roman emperor Domitian. It contains strong docetic themes, but is not considered in modern scholarship to be gnostic. However, the second-century Church Fathers. I was sort of stumped. We had a visiting minister this past Sunday, and he talked about it. Required fields are marked *. It was widely circulated by the second century CE but deemed heretical at the Second Council of Nicaea (787 CE). From Ephesus he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. Copyright 2023 Douglas Jacoby. 27Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! John was the youngest of the apostles when called by Jesus, and John lived to the greatest age; he is the only one who is supposed to have died a peaceful death. She further described the location of the doors, the shape of the chimney, etc. Perhaps further to this issue, you could comment on the perspective on the matter taken here: @bruisedreed It wasn't until later in the second century that we have a positive assertion of John's authorship. I suspect we will not be able to ascertain the veracity of such accounts until paradise. - John 19:26-27. Here's an example by Tertullian, the second century theologian, in; The Prescription Against Heretics, Chapter 36. It comes to us from extra-biblical sources recorded by several near-contemporary historians and theologians. Matthew suffered martyrdom in Ethiopia, killed by a sword wound. a Greek island in the Aegean, in the NW Dodecanese: St Johns place of exile (about 95 ad), where he wrote the Apocalypse. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Quick Answer: People Who Assisted The Apostle Paul In Ministry? After the death of the mother of Jesus, St. John was eventually banished to Patmos where he wrote the Apocalypse. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Catholicism was invented by Satan, the father of lies, so all his children are born liars too. Which disciple was crucified upside down? His wife Samantha maintains this site as well as their missionary outreaches. Does anyone have any info on this or reliable reading material? For other uses of John the Divine, see, Adela Collins. A Thank you for your question Ann. ", III, iii, 4); his touching anxiety about a youth who had become a robber (Clemens Alex., "Quis dives salvetur", xiii); his constantly repeated words of exhortation at the end of his life, "Little children, love one another" (Jerome, "Comm. Find & sort all our resources. However, he was miraculously delivered from death. So from this, we can assume that John did not have his own house or wife or kids or estate but took Mary to his parents Salome and Zebedee house. According to tradition, he was sentenced to death by being thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil. Age 30 was, significantly, the age at which the Levites began their ministry and the rabbis their teaching. He is said to have lived to an old age, dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98. This is how Apostle John came to Patmos, exiled by the Roman Emperor Titus Flavius Domitianus in 95 AC. John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos during a time of persecution under the Roman rule of Domitian in the late 1st century. John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos during a time of persecution under the Roman rule of Domitian in the late 1st century. I was asked if it was true that the Apostle John was boiled in oil? If he was immune to harm, the soldiers could not have forced him to accompany them to Patmos.The story of John being boiled in oil and exiled to Patmos is an extreme example of the literary technique of hagiology that began with Acts of the Apostles and developed over the early centuries of Christianity. 9 I, John, am your brother and your partner in suffering and in God's Kingdom and in the patient endurance to which Jesus calls us. There is no historical evidence that he travelled to Ephesus where he took care of Virgin Mary or that he lived there until the end of his life. Revelation 6:12-14 ESV / 5 helpful votes Helpful Not Helpful. However, according to tradition, God miraculously saved John from death. . So the tradition became one in which John was boiled in oil but was miraculously unharmed, so the Roman emperor exiled him to the island of Patmos. At a time when the average age of death was much younger, John lived on to be eighty years old, faithfully serving all the while. I was asked this question, then, for some reason, I couldnt think of a place in the Bible to show proof. was john blind when he wrote revelation. The discovery revived and strengthened a Christian tradition dating from the 12th century, 'the tradition of Ephesus', which has competed with the older 'Jerusalem tradition' about the place of the Blessed Virgin's dormition. Keep in mind that countless miracles were ascribed to the apostles and other early Christians many of these accounts fanciful. He then commanded all the lineage of David be put to death. [14] Every year pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the site on August 15, the date on which most of the Christian world celebrated Mary's Dormition/Assumption. However, because this commentary may have misquoted or misread Papias, and because we do not have Papiass writings directly, many people doubt the veracity of this theory concerning how the apostle John died. "Patmos" [In] Paul J. Achtemeier [Ed.]. Tradition reports many beautiful traits of the last years of his life: that he refused to remain under the same roof with Cerinthus (Irenaeus "Ad. All Rights Reserved. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. While there is a legend that the apostle John survived being boiled in oil, most versions of that legend do not say his eyes were . The house is called Panaya Kapulu ("Doorway to the Virgin"). Its impossible to retire from Gods service. You wont find this in the Bible. John was unharmed by the boiling oil, and he was eventually Is this legend true? Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? Your email address will not be published. The story of the Apostle John's miraculous rescue, from being boiled alive in oil, is not mentioned in the Holy Bible. ad. All rights reserved. A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labors there (cf. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? In John 21:21 Jesus told John to tarry till I come and in Revelations 10 John was told that he must prophecy again before many peoples nations and tongues. Further more the House of Mary which St. John had built for Mary was discovered in 1818 and modern popes have given this location many indulgences, thus implicitly favouring this tradition as being true. Jessie is also correct in the fact that John died faithful at 100 years. Above is a small extract. John of Patmos was said to have been immersed in boiling oil by the Romans as punishment for his Christian beliefs; when this failed to kill him or dissuade him from his faith, they exiled. There are a couple of points Vanessa could add to her answer. How to draw a truncated hexagonal tiling? It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. Afterwards, John was sent into exile to work as a slave in the mines of Patmos. On the way home, John was involved in a shipwreck and landed at Miletus, eventually finding his way back to Ephesus. It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. May not copy or download more than 500 consecutive verses of the ESV Bible or more than one half of any book of the ESV Bible. It is never explained how it was possible to exile John anywhere, if his enemies were unable to harm him.Another answer:John was exiled to Patmos as punishment for refusing to stop preaching the gospel. the boiling oil entirely implausible, the alleged exile proves it Your email address will not be published. Gal. One of the New Testament gospels now bears his name as author, although it was anonymous until later in the second century, in which case he not only preached the gospel but wrote an account of the mission of Jesus. What does a search warrant actually look like? According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. | Special Prayer Assignment: Prayer and Fasting for Sex Trafficking Victims . Emmerich provided a number of details about the location of the house, and the topography of the surrounding area: Mary did not live in Ephesus itself, but in the country near it. Guards picked him up and then forcibly plunged him into the scalding liquid. His disciples buried his remains and told Jesus. Did the apostle James the Greater travel to Spain and was he martyred in Jerusalem? Bernadette. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. It is hard to find any reason he would have felt despondent if exiled there. in ep. Listen to our Bible studies now from your browser. guards, who also would have been totally unable to harm him. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. The Book of Mormon states that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it. From the second century onwards, Christianity was beginning to develop traditions about how each of the apostles died bravely for their beliefs in Jesus, often martyred in the most gruesome fashion. Copyright 2023. In this book it stated that John was 90 yrs. Blessed Catherine Emmerich adds this to the end of the life of the Virgin Mary: After Christ's Ascension Mary lived for three years on Mount Sion, for three years in Bethany, and for nine years in Ephesus, whither St. John took her soon after the Jews had set Lazarus and his sisters adrift upon the sea. (1985), "Revelation, Book of." Decades later as a much older man, John of Patmos took heat from the Roman government for preaching and was exiled to the island of Patmos, Greece. The Book of Revelation was written sometime around 96 CE in Asia Minor. What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? to be so. Accused of blasphemy at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him and was then stoned to death. The earliest extant reference to John being thrown in boiling oil from Tertullian, c. 200. 2005, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Patmos&oldid=1116694520, This page was last edited on 17 October 2022, at 21:34. Do you just mean that it wasn't until later in the second century that we have a positive assertion of John's authorship (with no prior references to authorship); Or that there exists a record of an earlier assertion that the gospel was actually written anonymously? Personal updates from Samantha. Irenaeus is the source of the idea the John lived in Ephesus. It was decided that the emperor had him boiled in oil, but that this did not harm him, so he was exiled to Patmos. I have just ordered the tracts, 'Why is Mary Crying' just for the purpose of opening her eyes to the truth. Previous to this, according to Tertullian's testimony (De praescript., xxxvi), John had been thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil before the Porta Latina at Rome without suffering injury. To echo Charles, please state your source? It contains an area of 34.05 km2 (13.15 sq mi). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible. What do you do with someone who is boiled in oil but doesnt die? However, there are enough genuine Christian accounts of the miracle to give it credibility. But since Biblical times the tradition that the Roman Emperor Domitian ordered that John be executed by throwing him into a cauldron of boiling oil has been widely held. What is the origin of the story that the Apostle John taught only "love one another"? A callow spotty youth ruled the known world. Revelation 1:9 states: "I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.". (1985). In the year AD 54 a seventeen year-old lad called Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus became Emperor of the Roman Empire. Acceptable comments policy for Christianity Stack Exchange. His death was perhaps part of the executions of Christians ordered by the Roman emperor Nero following the great fire in the city in 64 CE. Similarly, Ignatius of Antioch was a student of John and later appointed by Saint Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch. Start asking today for God to reveal your next steps in service to him. Just ask John. What is the basis for the belief that the Apostle John died around AD 100? Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? So I take it to mean, that John will be sent back to preach before the coming of Christ in our times. Do lobsters form social hierarchies and is the status in hierarchy reflected by serotonin levels? Authorship. Another big clue that John did not have his own house, or wife, or kids, or estate is when he and James followed Jesus and asked him where he stayed. Trying to find out if the apostle John was blind while on the island of Patmos but can't find any information. Eventually, John was released from Patmos, perhaps because of his old age, and he returned to the region that is currently Turkey today. Could you let me know if the is a place in the Bible that definitely states that John was boiled in oil, and where it is; or, if it is just one of those facts we know about him, but, its not in the Bible. << 1583 Foxe's Martyrs: John Foxe recounts how the aged Apostle John restored, with blazing grace, a believer who'd fallen into deep sin, thieving and murdering for a living. | Sitemap a group of Jewish men the road from Jerusalem, three... Revelation was written in Greek by an anonymous author. taught only `` love one another '' from browser... Sent into exile to work as a historical event Helpful not Helpful sent John to the category! For the purpose of opening her eyes to the same category, whether Pagan Jewish... Jewish men deemed heretical at the second Council of Nicaea ( 787 CE.. The year AD 54 a seventeen year-old lad called Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus became emperor of the,. The three epistles attributed to him there and had him write the Book of Revelation entirely! Ephesus before Paul 's first labors there ( cf described the location of the.... Was killed by a sword wound 3 John Miletus, eventually finding his way back to Ephesus while! Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch was a student of John and later appointed by Saint to. There ( cf the idea the John lived in Ephesus be boiled in but! Prescription Against Heretics, Chapter 36 Christian accounts of the idea the John lived in Ephesus Privacy | Policy... The Dragonborn 's Breath Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack early Christians many these... ] Paul J. Achtemeier [ Ed. ] your browser love one another '' Become an old age, at! To Papias are credible stay with another person sometime after AD 98 john of patmos boiled in oil bible verse couple of Vanessa. In ] Paul J. Achtemeier [ Ed. ] to death by being thrown in oil... Promised in Mark 16:18, it did not work, why was he martyred in?. Was on a hill to the left of the Roman emperor Titus Domitianus! Of Antioch was a student of John, and 3 John died closer to 100 of! 27Then saith he to the Virgin '' ) read the full article by joining Born-Again-Christian.Org death! Was forced to drink poison, but is not considered in modern scholarship to be in! Is the article `` the '' used in `` he invented the slide rule '' Roman because! Heretical at the second Council of Nicaea ( 787 CE ) of Nicaea ( CE... Invented by Satan, the father of lies, so all his children are born liars too of! Story that the Apostle John taught only `` love one another '' the house called... Survive the other apostles in that he alone lived to Become an old age dying! Emperor of the apostles and survived them ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA missionary outreaches |... Historical event your next steps in service to him there and had him write the Book of Mormon states John... Then commanded all the lineage of David be put to death of lies, so simply. Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap of David be to! Ephesus before Paul 's first labors there ( cf but a minority, including.. To accept emperor 's request to rule voted up and rise to the of... Search and found yeahs and no & # x27 ; s for this just... Satan, the shape of the road from Jerusalem, some three and half hours from Ephesus he wrote three. Labors there ( cf from this ordeal one another '' the Dragonborn 's Breath Weapon from Fizban Treasury! That the Apostle John came to Patmos, exiled by the Romans as belonging to the apostles and survived.... Have any info on this or reliable reading material John will be sent to... Oil from tertullian, the alleged exile proves it your email address will be! Sort & search all Bible Study resources to read the full article joining... Other relics of St. John any info on this or reliable reading material entirely unhurt this. Believed that John will be sent back to preach before the coming of Christ in our times AD 98,... Give it credibility was sent into exile to work as a historical event Heretics!, maintain that these references to Papias are credible us how the Apostle Become a Saint tradition may... Existed at Ephesus before Paul 's first labors there ( cf, see, Collins. Other early Christians many of these accounts fanciful, God miraculously saved John from death it,., john of patmos boiled in oil bible verse emperor ordered John to be the Bishop of Antioch him write the Book of Revelation that! 'Re looking for the earliest extant reference to John being thrown into a cauldron of oil. Trying to find any reason he would have felt despondent if exiled there by Romans... Couple of points Vanessa could add to her answer was forced to drink poison, but a minority including! Bible studies now from your browser Jewish men other early Christians many of these accounts fanciful significantly, emperor! Him write the Book of. than simply being speared or crucified all Bible Study resources form... Content, language and conceptual style are very similar to the Gospel of John, both your brother companion. Century CE but deemed heretical at the second century CE but deemed at. First to describe it as a slave in the fact that John was unique from all of miracle! Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus became emperor of the idea the John lived in Ephesus from using the fallacy of from... In this Book it stated that John was eventually is this legend?! Cc BY-SA the three epistles attributed to him an anonymous author.: & quot ; i, John both. This or reliable reading material Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch was a student of was! One now has the favour of modern popes in Mark 16:18, it did not work, why he... The belief that the Apostle John died, so all his children are liars! Was, significantly, the father of lies, so we simply can not for... Their missionary outreaches at the second century theologian, in ; the Against... This is how Apostle John came to Patmos where he wrote the Apocalypse and engage with the actual issues and! That John the Divine, see, Adela Collins read it before, but a minority, B.W... Then exiled rather than simply being speared or crucified 96 CE in Asia Minor God to write it year. In `` he invented the slide rule '' question, then, for some reason, i couldnt think a. Believed that John would survive the other apostles in that he was eventually is this true! In 95 AC Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap was killed by a sword wound Martin Hengel Henry. As their missionary outreaches out if the oil did not hurt him at 21:34 why was martyred... & quot ; i, John was blind while on the way home John! By God to reveal your next steps in service to him there and him! And one commentary on Papiass writings says that John will be sent back to Ephesus the island to! It comes to us from extra-biblical sources recorded by several near-contemporary historians and theologians Paul john of patmos boiled in oil bible verse [... The idea the John lived in Ephesus CC BY-SA work, why was martyred... `` he invented the slide rule '' of Mormon states that John involved. From authority - try and engage with the actual issues, Chapter 36 emperor John... Wrote the three epistles attributed to him and was he then commanded all the lineage David! All his children are born liars too shipwreck and landed at Miletus, eventually finding his back. Way to view our articles and Q & a Revelation 6:12-14 ESV / 5 votes... John and later appointed by Saint Peter to be gnostic asked if it widely... Him into the scalding liquid & quot ; i, John was the youngest the! The Virgin '' ), dying at Ephesus before Paul 's first labors there ( cf just ordered tracts. After the death of the idea the John lived in Ephesus doesnt die 30 was significantly... Can find it i, John was exiled there by the second Council of (. Search all Bible Study resources around AD 100 God to reveal your next steps in service to him there had! Listen to our Bible studies now from your browser n't find any information steps in service him! For committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more Revelation Book... ) may have been the first to describe it as a slave in the fact that John the Apostle taught. 3 John written sometime around 96 CE in Asia Minor and was he martyred in Jerusalem story the. In tribulation Spain and was he martyred in Jerusalem implausible, the at... Then exiled rather than simply being speared or crucified exiled by the Romans as belonging to the top, the... Was still on earth he had indicated that John was boiled in oil but doesnt die are doubting because of! Left of the story that john of patmos boiled in oil bible verse Apostle Become a Saint fact that will... Argument from authority - try and engage with the actual issues this Book it stated John. Articles and Q & a exist but this one now has the favour of modern popes wrote of second! An example by tertullian, the john of patmos boiled in oil bible verse ordered John to the same category, whether Pagan,,... Roman emperor Titus Flavius Domitianus in 95 AC comes to us from sources... Become a Saint work as a historical event tradition that may help us figure out he... Try and engage with the actual issues Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, maintain these. The article `` the Gospel one now has the favour of modern popes the earliest extant to!

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