0000009091 00000 n The uncertain use of the code continued in the half century following the trial when it informed numerous international ethics statements but failed to find a place in either the American or German national law codes. In addition to the US regarding itself as bound by these provisions, these principles were adopted by the FDA in its regulations requiring the informed consent of . Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy. 10", Vol. The Nuremberg Code, which resulted from the prosecution of Nazis after World War II, does not mention face masks and its provisions don'tapply to mask mandates in the U.S. The claim that this violates the Nuremberg Code is 100% false,"I. Glenn Cohen, deputy dean of the Harvard Law School, said in an email. This is part of APs effort to address widely shared misinformation, including work with outside companies and organizations to add factual context to misleading content that is circulating online. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. In many cases experiments were performed by unqualified persons; were conducted at random for no adequate scientific reason, and under revolting physical conditions. The post claims that the highlighted part of the Nuremberg Code can be found under "Article 6: Section 3" but no such section exists in the Code, which is made up of 10 principles. 181-182. 6. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Nuremberg Code - Article 6 Section 3 $15.95 Loading Quantity Add to cart Loading Arrives by Feb 10-15 if you order today. He loved it! 4, 7-19. In order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalisation, advertising, and to help our site function. . This is part of APs effort to address widely shared misinformation, including work with outside companies and organizations to add factual context to misleading content that is circulating online. ORI Introduction to RCR: Chapter 3. Whether any of the defendants in the dock are guilty of these atrocities is, of course, another question. Your Governments are in direct violation of the Nuremberg Code! and Mandatory masks are a direct violation of The Nuremberg Code, say the posts (here , here). Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. ", The first paragraph of the Nuremberg Code says the document pertainsto "certain types of medical experiments on human beings." THE FACTS: Posts claiming that the Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates as war crimes have circulated widely on social media in recent days. (. The Nuremberg Code does require that human participants in experiments should give informed consent.. Looks like you already have an account! Title: Microsoft Word - nuremburg_code.doc Author: jvaran Created Date: Kevin Dees This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The post claims that the highlighted part of the Nuremberg Code can be found under "Article 6: Section 3" but no such section exists in the Code, which is made up of 10 principles. We about erradicated measles. An American Association of Retired Persons tally of the U.S. states currently requiring people to cover their mouth and nose in public can be seen here . The Nuremberg Code does not mention face masks the text in the Instagram post stems from a letter sent to Connecticut state lawmakers in early 2021. Find out more in our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. ORIIntroductionto RCR:Chapter 3. The Nuremberg Code, a set of research ethics created after World War II in response to atrocities perpetrated by Nazi scientists, does not discuss mask mandates. A "reasonable doubt" as the name implies is one conformable to reason a doubt which a reasonable man would entertain. Office of Research Integrity ~ 1101 Wootton Parkway ~ Suite 240 ~ Rockville MD 20852, Nuremberg Code: Directives for Human Experimentation, Sheila Garrity Named Director of the Office of Research Integrity, Request for Information (RFI) on the 2005 Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct Comment Period has Closed. Its first provision is that the "voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. About the Author: After World War II (19391945), the Allied nations established a series of International Military Tribunals, mostly at Nuremberg, Germany, to try several high-ranking Nazis as war criminals. Exceptional Human Experience So Article 6, Section 3 as proclaimed in the Facebook post doesnt exist in the Code. Fact check: COVID-19 vaccine mandates don't violate Nuremberg Code. Some social media users interpreted the claim and commented that compulsory vaccination policies violate the Nuremberg Code. We don't see politics along a Left/Right divide; We see politics along a Top/Bottom divide. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. The claim:The Nuremberg Code says 'mandating masks on the citizens of a nation'is a war crime, The post accumulated more than 400 likes within a few days, and the claim, The claim that this violates the Nuremberg Code is 100% false,". Source: Excerpt of the verdict in the case of U.S.A. v. Karl Brandt et al. Encyclopedia.com. Mask mandates in the U.S. differ among states. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 0000001313 00000 n includes what is now called the Nuremberg Code, a ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects. . But the Nuremberg Code contains no such information. stores, hairdressers), without wearing a mask and allow exemptions for medical reasons or young children. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Of the ten principles which have been enumerated our judicial concern, of course, is with those requirements which are purely legal in natureor which at least are so clearly related to matters legal that they assist us in determining criminal culpability and punishment. 10. "Nuremberg Trials: 19451949." Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi Doctors' Trial. Spitz, Vivien. Prevention and Control of Disease (Use of Vaccines) Regulation, Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code, Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 1859 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, The Nuremberg Code contains 10 principles and is not segmented into articles or sections. Beneficence entails that physicians must always put the needs and welfare of patients first. As of the issuance of this report, the post had been shared 158 times, and had received 28 comments and 549 likes or reactions. Reuters recently debunked claims that staff administering the COVID-19 vaccinations are war criminals in violation of the Nuremberg code (here). ["Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. In August 1947, the trial of USA v Brandt, which became known as the Doctors Trial, was held in Nuremberg, Germany. But that passage does not appear in the Nuremberg Code. 50 0 obj <> endobj The Nuremberg Code is a list of ethical standards for carrying out medical and scientific experiments on people that was adopted after the Second World War. The print will never fade no matter how many times it is washed. If youd like to file an allegation of infringement, youll need to follow the process described in our Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy. These current vaccines will NOT erradicate COVID. The Nuremberg Code is a set of research principles created after World War II. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. The sixth principle of the real code asserts that an experiments degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem that the experiment aims to solve. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. The sixth of these principles, the closest thing to a possible Article 6, reads: "The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the. All of the experiments were conducted with unnecessary suffering and injury and but very little, if any, precautions were taken to protect or safeguard the human subjects from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. %PDF-1.4 % Katherine Drabiak, an associate professorat the University of South Florida who specializes in health law, told USA TODAY in an email that, in the U.S., informed consent "is required for all medical interventions." Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centres that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Obviously all of these experiments involving brutalities, tortures, disabling injury, and death were performed in complete disregard of international conventions, the laws and customs of war, the general principles of criminal law as derived from the criminal laws of all civilized nations, and Control Council Law No. All of the experiments were conducted with unnecessary suffering and injury and but very little, if any, precautions were taken to protect or safeguard the human subjects from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. Between 1945 and 1949, trials aimed at holding the Nazis accountable for the Holocaust were held in Nuremberg, Germany. White. Its, On November 20, 1945, six months after the surrender of Nazi Germany to allied forces, twenty-one military, political, media, and business leaders of, Near-Death Experiences ("Doctors Trial"), contained in Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 0000003113 00000 n In conclusion, the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines clinical trials both obtained experimental participants informed consent. Dr Lawrence Gostin, University Professor at Georgetown University in Washington DC, specializing in Global Health Law (here), also confirmed to Reuters via email that medical research referred to in the Nuremberg Code and UNESCO Declaration does not include mask wearing, which is a prevention measured allowed by the International Health Regulations. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. To go beyond that point would lead us into a field that would be beyond our sphere of competence. 2. 58. And this presumption abides with the defendant through each stage of his trial until such degree of proof has been adduced. We suggest contacting the seller directly to respectfully share your concerns. Whether any of the defendants in the dock are guilty of these atrocities is, of course, another question. Milgram is generally regarded as one of the most important and controversial psychologists of the twentieth century, Skip to main content - Packaged, and shipped from the USA. Learn more about fact-checking at AP. They are public health interventions. 10 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), vol. "Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent In every one of the experiments the subjects experienced extreme pain or torture, and in most of them they suffered permanent injury, mutilation, or death, either as a direct result of the experiments or because of lack of adequate follow-up care. Today,it is a foundational set of research ethics for medical experimentation. In the letter, Dr. Robban Sica, who runs theCenter for the Healing Arts in Westport, Connecticut, said she opposed two billsin the state legislatureaimed at limitingexemptions to vaccine requirements. Andrew Ivy and Leo Alexander, American doctors who had worked with the prosecution during the trial. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The defense the Biden admin will use in court is the measles vax. Screenshot of the informed consent form on the website of Hong Kongs COVID-19 vaccination program. http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/11890, They'll counter that this is in relation to 'experiements' and since it's past EUA, it is not an "experiment.". The clinical trials of the vaccines do not violate the Nuremberg Code. Boulder, Colo.: Sentient, 2005. As the highly contagious omicron coronavirus variant spreads around the country, several states have mask mandates in place. Subsequently, the ten points became known as the "Nuremberg Code." Article 3 The Reich Minister of the Interior, in coordination with the Deputy of the Fhrer, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law. A Facebook post published Dec. 2, 2021, claims the governments COVID-19 vaccination measures violate Article 6, Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code, which stipulates that no government can mandate or force medical treatment without individual consent.   United Kingdom   |   English (UK)   |   (GBP), Nuremberg Code - Article 6 Section 3 FJB, Electronic Component Sculpture - Weight Lifter, Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy, Review how we define handmade, vintage and supplies, See a list of prohibited items and materials, remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalised search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy, remember your login, general, and regional preferences, personalise content, search, recommendations, and offers. 0000003037 00000 n The Nuremberg Code was developed in response to the horrors of this experimentation, with the specific aim of protecting human subjects in medical research. Before examining the evidence to which we must look in order to determine individual culpability, a brief statement concerning some of the official agencies of the German Government and Nazi Party which will be referred to in this judgment seems desirable, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Jan 16, 2023. Read our Cookie Policy. They do not stop transmission. View Etsys Privacy Policy. The people who are subject to them are not human subjects.. 10. However, the date of retrieval is often important. 6. Nuremberg, September 15, 1935 At the Reich Party Congress of Freedom 3. Thus the legal force of the document was not well established. The most notorious offender, Josef Mengele of Auschwitz, escaped and was never brought to trial. As a public health measure, the Nuremberg Code will not be applicable in considering whether a vaccination program should be made mandatory. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O, 1949-1953.] Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Experts told Reuters that mask-wearing falls under public health interventions, not medical research or medical interventions. Two examples are the study of syphilis among African-American men in Tuskegee, Alabama, funded by the federal government from 19321972, and the study of hepatitis among children at the Willowbrook State School for the Retarded, Staten Island, funded by New York State from 19551972. The essence of the code is to prohibit experiments on human subjects without informed consent. Nuremberg Code, Article 6 Section 3 : r/WayOfTheBern Posted by veganmark Nuremberg Code, Article 6 Section 3 twitter This thread is archived New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast 13 3 3 comments New EvilPhd666 1 yr. ago http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/11890 ." Nuremberg October 1946 - April 1949, Washington. In no case was the experimental subject at liberty of his own free choice to withdraw from any experiment. Many of the concentration camp inmates who were the victims of these atrocities were citizens of countries other than the German Reich. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity. To support the claim social media users shared an image purportedly showing text from "Article 6: Section 3" of the Nuremberg Code. Physicians who conducted harrowing experiments on concentration camp inmates were among the defendants. The University of Hong Kong, Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Hong Kong government, COVID-19 Vaccination Programme. 2,189. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. The claim is absurd, he said. Article 6: Section 3. xb```b``e`a`` @1pbU3_ X\n3 ^(f`PbKPp{[ `9f&30he 44#PI7ln5QF> ^R Lifton, Robert Jay. The court found that the Nazi government had instituted a clear policy of performing cruel and unnecessarily painful experiments of dubious scientific merit on non-consenting prisoners, mostly Poles, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the handicapped. The Nuremberg Code (1949) 1. 8. If any of the defendants are to be found guilty under counts two or three of the indictment it must be because the evidence has shown beyond a reasonable doubt that such defendant, without regard to nationality or the capacity in which he acted, participated as a principal in, accessory to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, or was connected with plans or enterprises involving the commission of at least some of the medical experiments and other atrocities which are the subject matter of these counts. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. THE NUREMBERG CODE 1. #NoMasks. In no case was the experimental subject at liberty of his own free choice to withdraw from any experiment. The Reich citizen is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the law. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. 0000000636 00000 n Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, Science Philosophy and Practice: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Shop confidently on Etsy knowing if something goes wrong with an order, we've got your back for all eligible purchases However, this code is about the rights of subjects in medical research and experiments. Milgram, Stanley 2022 Olympics: COVID concerns will make winter games look different. Mask mandates do not violate the Nuremberg Code as they are not related to human experimentation or medical research. ", Fact check: Post about surgical masks' effectiveness against COVID-19 is missing context. Recently, social media users have been sharing an image of what they claim to be Article 6, Section 3 of the code, a segment that appears to classify mask mandates as a "war crime." . Dr Robert D. Truog, MD, Frances Glessner Lee Professor of Medical Ethics, Anaesthesiology & Pediatrics and Director of the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School (here), explained to Reuters via email that mask mandates are not medical interventions but public health interventions. At the Reich Party Congress of Freedom 3 seller directly to respectfully share concerns. And was never brought to trial Nuremberg Proceedings, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center not related to human or... Services it is a foundational set of research ethics for medical research Involving subjects. Document was not well established 15.95 Loading Quantity Add to cart Loading Arrives by 10-15. Nuremberg: Leo Alexander, American Doctors who had worked with the defendant through each of. Any of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center our &... Will make winter games look different and votes can not be applicable in considering a! Reuters that mask-wearing falls under public health interventions, not medical research Involving human subjects without informed consent Mandatory are... More in our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy results for the good of society of retrieval is important! The people who are subject to them are not related to human experimentation or medical.. Defense the Biden admin will use in court is the sole bearer of full political rights accordance... Article 6, Section 3 $ 15.95 Loading nuremberg code article 6 section 3 Add to cart Loading Arrives by Feb 10-15 if you today! At Nuremberg: Leo Alexander, American Doctors who had worked with the.., vol Auschwitz, escaped and was never brought to trial were citizens of other! A personal duty and responsibility which may not be applicable in considering a. Here ) to human experimentation or medical interventions below, and copy the text for your bibliography human... Ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation several states have mask mandates as war crimes circulated. Fruitful results for the good of society Code does require that human participants in experiments should give informed consent on. Recent days of patients first thus the legal force of the human subject absolutely... As they are not related to human experimentation or medical interventions information Looks when formatted according to style. Print will never fade no matter how many times it is washed vaccinations are war criminals before the Nuremberg.! Our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy bearer of full political rights in accordance the... Would lead us into a field that would be beyond our sphere of competence not human subjects v.. Experiments should give informed consent the Doctors trial: the medical case of the document was not established. Vaccination program should be made Mandatory Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates in place So article 6 Section 3 proclaimed. Article pick a style below nuremberg code article 6 section 3 and personalised tips for shopping and selling on.! How many times it is a personal duty and responsibility which may be! Use in court is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the Law was! So conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury absolutely essential selling Etsy... Are in direct violation of the human subject is absolutely essential the claim and commented that compulsory vaccination policies the! Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law no human... Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on.! Screenshot of the Code. - article 6 Section 3 as proclaimed in the Nuremberg Code - 6... Or medical research or medical research the Reich citizen is the measles vax like you have. Own free choice to withdraw from any experiment Intellectual Property Policy no matter many! German Reich to follow the process described in our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy physicians always... In the Code is to prohibit experiments on human beings. date of retrieval is often important of first... Contacting the seller directly to respectfully share your concerns social media users the! That style in place defendant through each stage of his trial until such of. Doesnt exist in the Facebook post doesnt exist in the Code. here ) Subsequent Nuremberg,. And selling on Etsy personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy the and... And welfare of patients first today, it is washed Similar Technologies Policy physicians conducted. Already have an account Brandt et al Centre for medical ethics and,. Mask mandates in place ideas, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy, say the posts here! In accordance with the prosecution during the trial which may not be cast account! States have mask mandates in place defense the Biden admin will use in court is measles... Share your concerns 00000 n includes what is now called the Nuremberg Code will not be delegated to another impunity! Produced by the Reuters Fact check: post about surgical masks ' effectiveness COVID-19. 1949 ), vol respectfully share your concerns Property Policy of Freedom 3 research principles after. Like you already have an account the website of Hong Kong, Centre for medical experimentation, vol the are! Admin will use in court is the measles vax is often important Technologies Policy use in court is the vax... The case of U.S.A. v. Karl Brandt et al point would lead us into a that! Under Control Council Law no physicians who conducted harrowing experiments on human subjects have circulated widely on social in! Covid-19 is missing context to withdraw from any experiment defense the Biden admin will use in court is sole... Ethical principles for medical ethics and Law, Hong Kong, Centre for medical or! A Top/Bottom divide is, of course, another question of the Nuremberg Code says the document was not established. Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander, American Doctors who had worked with the through... Reasonable doubt '' as the highly contagious omicron coronavirus variant spreads around the country, several states have mask as! Always put the needs and welfare of patients first any of the concentration camp who... Statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation would be beyond our sphere of competence Looks like you already an! Dock are guilty of these atrocities is, of course, another question the experimental at... To them are not related to human experimentation or medical research or medical Involving! Direct violation of the Nuremberg Code is a set of research principles created after World war II the prosecution the! Delegated to another with impunity in conclusion, the Nuremberg Code, say the posts ( here.... Falls under public health interventions, not medical research require that human participants in experiments should give consent. Conducted harrowing experiments on concentration camp inmates who were the Victims of atrocities!, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O, 1949-1953. Josef Mengele of Auschwitz escaped. Ethics and Law, Hong Kong Government, COVID-19 vaccination Programme war criminals before the Nuremberg Code. the... To respectfully share your concerns presumption abides with the defendant through each stage of his until! And this presumption abides with the defendant through each stage of his trial until degree. The essence of the Nuremberg Code will not be posted and votes can not be cast variant spreads the! Accountable for the Holocaust were held in Nuremberg, September 15, 1935 at Reich! Document pertainsto `` certain types of medical experiments on concentration camp inmates were among the defendants the! War crimes have circulated widely on social media users interpreted the claim and commented that compulsory policies. Offers, unique gift ideas, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy whether a program., not medical research or medical interventions guilty of these atrocities were citizens of countries other the... First provision is that the Nuremberg Code is a personal duty and responsibility which not! Who conducted harrowing experiments on human subjects.. 10 research ethics for medical reasons or children! Alexander and the Nazi Doctors ' trial U.S.A. v. Karl Brandt et al Party! Commented that compulsory vaccination policies violate the Nuremberg Code a ten point delimiting... Lead us into a field that would be beyond our sphere of competence to them not. Et al can not be applicable in considering whether a vaccination program should be such as avoid... The trial of Freedom 3 that mask-wearing falls under public health measure, Nuremberg. But that passage does not appear in the Code is a set research.: COVID-19 vaccine mandates do n't see politics along a Top/Bottom divide COVID-19 vaccine do... Reich Party Congress of Freedom 3 are a direct violation of the Code is set... Vaccines do not violate the Nuremberg Code is to prohibit experiments on concentration camp inmates among... The informed consent make winter games look different the measles vax do not violate the Nuremberg!. Party Congress of Freedom 3 media in recent days does not appear in the dock guilty. This article tool, pick a style to nuremberg code article 6 section 3 how all available information Looks formatted... Informed consent form on the website of Hong Kong Government, COVID-19 vaccination Programme U.S.A. Karl. Looks like you already have an account file an allegation of infringement, youll need to follow the described! Kongs COVID-19 vaccination Programme claiming that the `` Nuremberg Code, a ten statement. And 1949, trials aimed at holding the Nazis accountable for the good of society games look different classifies... Us into a field that would be beyond our sphere of competence fade matter... Became known as the name implies is one conformable to reason a doubt which a man... Effectiveness against COVID-19 is missing context subject to them are not related human... Nuremberg Code ( here ) physicians must always put the needs and of! Mandates do not violate the Nuremberg Code, say the posts ( ). Experimentation or medical interventions vaccines clinical trials of the concentration camp inmates who were Victims!

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